Forestry and Habitats

In the presentation “Birch Bark Extractives and Their Potential” by Jānis Rižikovs, the focus is on exploring the various applications and benefits of birch bark extractives, particularly betulin and suberin. The Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, where the research is conducted, aims to develop environmentally friendly technologies for utilizing wood and plant biomass sustainably, contributing to economic, social, and ecological benefits. Birch bark, sourced from silver birch and downy birch trees, is a valuable resource used in furniture, pulp, and plywood production. It comprises extractives such as betulin and suberin, offering numerous beneficial properties. Betulin, a major component of birch bark extractives, exhibits various biological activities, making it suitable for applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and even cancer research. Suberin, another important extractive, possesses unique properties suitable for adhesive, coating, and polymer applications. Its renewable and eco-friendly nature makes it an attractive alternative to conventional additives. Experimental procedures involve fractionation and purification techniques to isolate specific components of birch bark extractives for further analysis and application development. The potential applications of suberinic acids extend to diverse industries, including cosmetics, bio-polymer production, organic synthesis, and eco-friendly construction materials. Despite challenges such as high viscosity and heterogeneous composition, efforts are underway to optimize extraction and processing techniques to maximize the utilization of birch bark extractives. The presentation underscores the value of interdisciplinary collaboration, research infrastructure, and industry partnerships in realizing the full potential of birch bark extractives for sustainable and innovative product development.

In the presentation “Certified Forestry for Sustainable Production: The Portuguese Case”, Raquel Martinho discussed the Portuguese Forest Certification (PFC) system, which ensures sustainable forest management and operates globally with international and national standards. Portugal’s forestry, with extensive private ownership of eucalyptus, maritime pine, and cork oaks, contributes significantly to the economy while maintaining social and environmental balance. PFC focuses on sustainability indicators like carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and socioeconomic functions to ensure certified entities follow good practices from forests to consumers. Recent expansions include urban spaces, emphasizing holistic ecosystem management and balancing economic prosperity with societal well-being. By choosing PFC-certified products, consumers help preserve forests, support sustainable development goals, and contribute positively to environmental, social, and economic outcomes.

In the presentation “PEFC Certification in Latvia” by Līga Jansone, the implementation of the Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) in Latvia is discussed, highlighting its role in promoting sustainable forest management practices. PEFC, established in 1999 by small- and family forest owners in Europe, aims to endorse national forest certification systems globally. In Latvia, with its abundant forest cover and significant forestry industry, PEFC certification serves as a crucial tool for demonstrating social, environmental, and economic responsibility. In Latvia, with 52% of land covered by forests, PEFC certification offers accessible options for all forest owners. Latvia’s forestry area holds certificates for around 1.76 million hectares, showing increased adoption over time. The latest iteration of Latvia’s forest management certification system adheres to ISO standards and includes new chapters addressing plantation forests and trees outside forests (TOF), reflecting a commitment to continuous improvement in forestry practices. Overall, the presentation underscores the importance of PEFC certification in promoting sustainable forest management practices in Latvia, enhancing market access for certified products, and contributing to the long-term conservation of Latvia’s forest resources. Through continued collaboration and adherence to international standards, Latvia remains committed to responsible forest stewardship for future generations.

In the presentation “Biodiversity Conservation in Private Forests of Latvia: Involvement of Landowners” by the Head of Nature Conservation Agency of Latvia – Ģirts Baranovskis, the challenges and strategies for biodiversity conservation in Latvia’s private forests are explored, emphasizing the pivotal role of landowners in forest management and conservation efforts. Against the backdrop of the EU Forest Strategy and Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, which advocate for integrating ecosystem services and biodiversity-friendly practices into forest management, Latvia grapples with significant challenges. With over 50% of forests privately owned and diverse forest management goals, the conservation status of forest habitats remains unfavorable, necessitating innovative approaches to engage private landowners. Understanding the opinions of forest owners is crucial in designing effective conservation strategies. A survey conducted in 2021 revealed varied attitudes among landowners, with smaller properties and those less dependent on forestry income showing greater openness to biodiversity conservation measures. In response to the survey findings, the “Living Forest” pilot-program was developed, offering voluntary participation for private forest owners. The program provides advisory and financial support, focusing on biodiversity conservation measures such as preserving old trees and creating multi-aged forest stands. The initial implementation of the pilot-program has seen positive engagement from biodiversity-focused forest owners, with diverse forests of varying sizes and species compositions participating. The presence of rare and specially protected species underscores the program’s potential for enhancing biodiversity conservation in private forests. In conclusion, the presentation highlights the promising outlook for voluntary biodiversity conservation in private forests and proposes integrating such models into Latvia’s broader forest biodiversity conservation strategies. Through collaboration and innovative approaches, private landowners can play a significant role in safeguarding Latvia’s rich forest ecosystems for future generations.

In the presentation “Residual Biomass Collection Centres: Integrated Valorisation of Biomass & Management Digitalisation”, Isabel Brás and Elisabete Silva outline the project Biovalor at the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu addressing rural fires in Portugal. The focus is on managing agro-forestry fuels to understand and reduce fire causes, particularly the intentional burning by farmers. Strategies include a residual biomass collection centre encouraging waste delivery instead of burning, with 1800 tons managed effectively. Initiatives also involve composting and mulching processes for sustainable waste use, reducing reliance on open-air burning that can harm the environment and human health. Exploring alternative energy sources from agro-forestry waste for local uses further decreases dependency on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. Life cycle assessments using SimaPro software evaluate methods such as wood chip valorization and power plant electricity generation compared to natural gas usage. Positive impacts were observed, particularly in global warming and ecotoxicity categories. The project fosters community engagement through data sharing and consciousness-raising efforts. Therefore, the strategy emphasizes collaboration among stakeholders, implementing eco-friendly solutions for the long-term preservation of ecosystems and community well-being.

Anna Andersone’s presentation elucidates the overlooked potential residing within the sea buckthorn (SBT) lignocellulosic biomass in Latvia. By juxtaposing the vast expanse of fruit tree plantations with the minimal utilization of their wood, Anna underscores the imperative for a waste-free and rational approach to resource management. SBT, an indomitable shrub flourishing across varied climates, harbors a wealth of biologically active compounds like proanthocyanidins and serotonin, which remain largely untapped. The study endeavors to unlock the therapeutic potential of these compounds through innovative extraction methodologies, aimed at their utilization in diverse sectors ranging from healthcare to agriculture. Collaboration with academic institutions and industrial partners underscores the multidisciplinary nature of the research, facilitating comprehensive exploration and potential commercialization of the findings. The research findings unveil promising biological activities inherent in SBT extracts, including potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Such revelations not only underscore the medicinal promise harbored within SBT biomass but also advocate for its pivotal role in fostering sustainable regional development. In essence, Anna’s presentation champions the paradigm shift towards a waste-free biorefinery framework, which not only maximizes the value derived from SBT biomass but also underscores its pivotal contribution to economic growth and environmental conservation in Latvia and beyond.

In the presentation “The Advantages & Disadvantages of Structural Wood Usage”, André Dias discusses his expertise in wood construction, particularly focusing on glulam and cross-laminated timber (CLT) systems. They highlight historical examples of timber structures and how wood usage has evolved. The advantages of using wood products are emphasized, such as sustainability, cascading use, speed of construction with prefabrication, and modularity. However, challenges like ensuring sustainable forest practices for raw material supply, and addressing increasing prices due to lack of materials availability while optimizing cascading use to reduce costs are also discussed. Another challenge is maintaining durability through proper technical knowledge of specifications to prevent issues like fungal attacks that can compromise structural integrity. Additionally addressed is fire prevention by incorporating sealing materials and considering the behaviour of wood during design stages. This comprehensive overview provides insights into both the benefits and complexities associated with modern-day wooden constructions.

In the presentation “Wood Utilization in Construction: Latvian Experience” by the Managing Director of the Latvian Wood Construction Cluster – Kristaps Ceplis, the extensive use of wood in construction is explored, drawing on Latvia’s rich forestry heritage and expertise in wood building techniques. Wood’s significance as a building material is emphasized, highlighting Latvia’s abundant forests covering over 50% of its territory. Pine and spruce, common tree species, are lauded for their excellence in construction, with sustainable forestry practices ensuring a steady supply of wood for building purposes. Historical landmarks like the Riga Cathedral, constructed with 400-year-old timber, exemplify wood’s durability and longevity. Similarly, St. Peter’s Church, once Europe’s tallest wooden building, underscores Latvia’s historical legacy in wooden architecture. The presentation underscores Latvia’s prowess in wood construction, with nearly 100 enterprises specializing in this field. These enterprises, export-oriented and with extensive experience, collaborate with technical schools to advance technological capacity and innovation in wood building. In conclusion, the presentation celebrates Latvia’s embrace of wood in construction, driven by its abundant natural resources, expertise, and commitment to sustainability. Through wood utilization, Latvia continues to shape a resilient and sustainable built environment, fostering a legacy of innovation and excellence in wood construction for future generations.

In the presentation “Automation in Forest Operations” by Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava” remote research development manager Jānis Ivanovs, the transformative impact of automation on forestry management is explored. Jānis highlights how automation reshapes traditional forest operations, emphasizing increased efficiency, sustainability, and conservation efforts. Remote sensing technologies, including satellite imagery and aerial surveys, provide invaluable data for assessing forest conditions. Predictive analytics and machine learning algorithms leverage this data to predict various forest inventory variables, offering detailed insights into forest ecosystems. Utilizing GNSS enables precise rut detection, aiding in the identification of vehicle paths and minimizing environmental impact. This technology optimizes operational efficiency while contributing to sustainable forestry practices. Automation in forestry operations offers benefits such as increased efficiency, improved sustainability, and enhanced conservation efforts through accurate monitoring and optimized resource management. In conclusion, automation revolutionizes forestry management by harnessing the power of remote sensing and GNSS technologies. Through automation, greater efficiency, sustainability, and conservation can be achieved in forest operations, ensuring the preservation of forest ecosystems for future generations.

In the “Forest Fire Protection & Management” presentation, Miguel Almeida, a senior researcher and invited professor at the University of Coimbra, discusses the importance of recognizing forest fires as a natural part of ecosystems and the different types of wildfires, including surface fires, underground fires, and crown fires. He emphasizes the significance of managing forest fuels to prevent the vertical and horizontal transitions of fire in the forest environment. The speaker also suggests strategies for forest managers, such as selecting species with higher foliage moisture content, reducing leather fuels, and increasing the crown base heat to reduce the likelihood of crown fires. Creating forest mosaics and landscape plans, using less flammable trees, and managing surface fuels are also crucial in minimizing forest fire risk. Despite the role of different tree species in releasing firebrands, the goal is to manage forest fuels effectively to reduce fire intensity and prevent significant losses.

In the presentation “Forest Protection & Management”, Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava” Senior Researcher and Professor Āris Jansons discusses the impact of climate change on forests, with a focus on natural disturbances such as drought, pests, and extreme weather conditions. Climate change, with its associated extremes, directly impacts the survival and growth of trees while amplifying the effects of natural disturbances. These disturbances, ranging from weather-related events like wind and fire to biotic factors, significantly alter forest dynamics and ecosystem services provision. Āris emphasizes the importance of local adaptation and understanding genotypic differences in response to weather extremes. Weather extremes, including wind and fire, pose immediate challenges to forest stability and carbon sequestration. Sustainable genotypes emerge as essential tools for enhancing forest resilience in the face of these disturbances. By adopting low-density planting techniques and strategic forest management practices, the risks associated with such disturbances can be mitigated. Fires, often ignited by human activity and exacerbated by changing weather patterns, represent a significant threat to forest health. Āris highlights the multifaceted nature of fire risk, which is influenced by factors such as fire intensity, tree species composition, and forest structure. Adaptive management strategies that account for these variables are crucial for minimizing fire-induced damages. Biotic disturbances, including pests and diseases, are expected to escalate in frequency and severity in the future. Advocates are proactive forest management approaches that address stand composition and thinning practices to mitigate biotic damage risks effectively. Looking forward, Āris underscores the importance of embracing climate-smart forestry practices. These practices aim to enhance forest adaptation and resilience, contribute to climate change mitigation efforts, and sustainably increase forest productivity. By leveraging improved forest reproductive materials and embracing diverse genotypes, forest managers can navigate the complexities of climate change while ensuring long-term ecological and economic sustainability. In conclusion, it is emphasized the need for collaborative and interdisciplinary approaches to forest management. Balancing biodiversity conservation with economic viability is achievable through informed decision-making and adaptive strategies. By working together, stakeholders can safeguard forest ecosystems for future generations.

In the presentation “Forest Characterization and Opportunities”, Valters Samariks discussed the diversity of forest ownership and coverage in Europe, along with EU policies regulating forests. It emphasized the significance of forests in capturing greenhouse gasses through tree biomass and soil carbon accumulation. The data showed stable annual CO2 removals by European forests, while harvested wood products also played a notable role. Graphical representations illustrate substantial CO2 removals achieved by forest land and harvested wood products in the EU, highlighting the tangible impact of forestry practices on carbon sequestration. Projections reveal contrasting futures for North and Central Europe, with sustainability challenges looming large for the latter. Predictions suggest that 34% of Central European forests may become unsuitable for forestry due to climate change but Nordic/Baltic regions will remain suitable and contribute positively to carbon sequestration. Latvia serves as a case study for multifunctional forest management, characterized by small gap sizes, balanced species composition, and an increasing proportion of mature and old stands. A nuanced approach to forest protection is advocated, emphasizing strategic allocation of forest areas to meet diverse conservation objectives. Practical examples underscore the importance of informed forest management decisions, dispelling the notion that “doing nothing” is always the optimal choice. Advocacy is made for a unified understanding of forest management practices to maximize carbon sequestration while enhancing forest resilience to natural disturbances. In conclusion, a holistic approach is presented to enhancing carbon storage in European forestry, emphasizing climate-smart management, prevention of carbon loss, and the substitution effect of wood products. By leveraging existing forest resources and implementing strategic interventions, European forests can serve as powerful allies in the fight against climate change.